Leukopenia

Leukopenia is a condition in which the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood is too low. The leukocytes are responsible for the defense against infections and pathogens. If they are too few, your dog's immune system may be weakened and he may become more susceptible to illness.

Causes of leukopenia

There are several causes of leukopenia in dogs. Some of these are:

  • Viral or bacterial infections that cause increased consumption of leukocytes
  • Bone marrow diseases that affect the production of leukocytes, such as leukemia
  • Drugs or chemicals that damage the bone marrow or destroy the leukocytes
  • Autoimmune diseases in which the immune system attacks its own leukocytes
  • Hereditary disorders that lead to a reduced production of leukocytes

Symptoms of leukopenia

The symptoms of leukopenia depend on the severity and the underlying cause. Some possible signs are:

  • Listlessness, loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss
  • Pale mucous membranes, pinpoint hemorrhages, enlarged lymph nodes
  • Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, cough, shortness of breath
  • Recurrent or difficult to treat infections of the skin, ears, urinary tract or other organs

Diagnosis of leukopenia

To diagnose leukopenia in your dog, your vet will need to carry out a blood test. The number of different blood cells will be measured and compared with the normal reference values. Leukopenia is present when the total number of leukocytes falls below 6,000 per microliter of blood.

To determine the cause of leukopenia, your vet may order further tests, such as

  • A puncture of the bone marrow to assess cell formation and possible cancer cells
  • An ultrasound scan to examine the organs and lymph nodes
  • A urinalysis, fecal examination or other tests to rule out or detect infections

Treatment of leukopenia

Treatment for leukopenia depends on the cause and your dog's condition. Some possible therapies are:

  • Antibiotics or antifungals to fight infections
  • Immunosuppressants or corticosteroids to control autoimmune diseases
  • Chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer
  • Blood transfusions or growth factors to increase the number of leukocytes
  • A balanced diet and good hygiene to strengthen the immune system

Prognosis of leukopenia

The prognosis of leukopenia depends on the severity and the underlying cause. Some cases can be treated well and your dog may make a full recovery. Other cases can be life-threatening and require intensive care. In either case, it is important that you have your dog checked regularly by the vet and give his medication as directed.

 

The authors assume that a veterinarian should be consulted if an animal is ill and that medication should only be taken after consultation with a doctor or pharmacist. Only an individual examination can lead to a diagnosis and treatment decision.

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